Manioc : Portail | resultats 1 - 20 pour la recherche: Walker, K.

Les colonies françaises : un siècle d'expansion coloniale
Auteur(s) : Terrier, Auguste (1873-1932) Dubois, Marcel (1856-1916)
Auteurs secondaires : France. Ministère des colonies (1894-1946)
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Journal historique de la révolution de la partie de l'est de Saint-Domingue, commencée le 10 août 1808 : avec des notes statistiques sur cette partie
Auteur(s) : Guillermin de Montpinay, Gilbert
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L'Hermite de la Guiane, ou Observations sur les moeurs et les usages français au commencement du XIXe siècle. Tome troisième
Auteur(s) : Jouy, Étienne de (1764-1846)
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Haïti : son histoire et ses détracteurs
Auteur(s) : Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1859-1918)
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Guide du marin sur la loi des tempêtes ou exposition pratique de la théorie et de la loi des tempêtes et de ses usages, pour les marins de toute classe, dans toutes les parties du monde ; explication de cette théorie au moyen de roses d'ouragan transparentes et d'utiles leçons
Auteur(s) : Piddington, Henry (1797-1858)
Auteurs secondaires : Chardonneau, Fortuné (1829-1881)
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Narrative of a five years' expedition against the revolted negroes of Surinam in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America from the year 1772 to 1777, elucidating the history of that country and describing its productions... with an account of the Indians of Guiana and negroes of Guinea... Tome 2
Auteur(s) : Stedman, John Gabriel (1744-1797)
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Almanach royal, année bissextile M.DCC.LXXXVIII présenté à sa majesté pour la première fois en 1699
Auteur(s) : Houry, Laurent d' (1644-1725)
Auteurs secondaires : Debure, François-Jean-Noël (1743-1802)
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Histoire militaire de la révolution de Saint-Domingue
Auteur(s) : Poyen-Bellisle, Henry de (1839-....)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.
Auteur(s) : Klionsky, Daniel J Abdalla, Fabio C Abeliovich, Hagai Abraham, Robert T Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham Adeli, Khosrow Agholme, Lotta Agnello, Maria
Auteurs secondaires : Molecular and Cellular Biology ; University of Leuven Laboratoire d'Epigénétique et Cancer ; CNRS - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11) Department of Pharmacology ; Department of Pharmacology Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques ; INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST) ; CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine ; Telethon Institute Medical Genetics ; Federico II University Department of Molecular and Human Genetics ; Baylor College of Medicine

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Landes Bioscience
Résumé : International audience
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Autophagy

hal-00735751
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00735751
PUBMED : 22966490

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